generated changes include reducing the number of terms going from
From the above, Incoterms would be as follows:
a. rules for any type or types of transport:
· EXW ex works
· free FCA
· CPT Carriage Paid To
· CIP carriage and insurance paid to
· DAT delivered at terminal
· DAP delivered at place
· DDP delivered duty paid
b. Reglas para transporte marítimo o aguas fluviales:
· FAS free alongside ship
· FOB free on board
· CFR cost and freight
· CIF cost insurance and freight
New changes include the elimination of Incoterms DAF (Delivered at Frontier ), DES (Delivered ExShip), DEQ (Delivered ExQuay) and DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid), but remains "DDP" (deliverd Duty Paid) and given creation and implementation of the following:
- DAT (Delivered at Terminal). Fits all types of transport. It refers to delivery to the port of destination, after downloaded.
- DAP (Delivered at Place / Point). Replaces DAF DDU. Fits all types of transport. Refers to deliveries in the country of destination at an agreed place. allows greater flexibility in the delivery point.
Others remain Incoterms EXW (Ex Works), FCA (Free Carrier), FAS (Free Alongside Ship), FOB (Free on Board), CFR (Cost and Freight) CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight), CPT (Carriage Paid To) and CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To).
This new Incoterms DAT may be used in any mode of transport with the seller to deliver the goods unloaded at a terminal, air, sea or land. Until now there was some limitation as both the DEQ Incoterms limited its use for maritime transport, including multimodal transport DAF.
Incoterm regard to DAP (Delivery at point / place) replaces the DDU, the seller shall deliver the goods at an agreed point in the destination country without taking charge of the formalities customs duties, which is reserved to the DDP.
DESCRIPTION OF
Importance of
Before going on to describe each of the Incoterms, to which the group into four categories: E, F, C, D, which currently are still a total of thirteen standardized terms, is to mention the four basics that govern Incoterms in international sales contract coming to be delivering of goods, transfer risk, the distribution of costs and formalities of customs documents.
1. The delivery of goods : it is the first of the seller's obligations. Delivery may be direct, when the incoterm defines that the goods are delivered to the buyer, are the words "E" and the words "D", or indirectly when the merchandise is delivered to a buyer's broker, a carrier or freight forwarder are the terms "F" and the "C".
2. transmission risks: it is an essential aspect of Incoterms and should not be confused with the transfer of ownership, which is regulated by the law governing the contract. The fundamental concept is based on the risks, and in most cases, costs are passed on the geographical and chronological time that define the contract and the incoterm established. The geographical location may be the factory, dock, the ship's rail, etc., While the chronological time is defined by the delivery of the goods. Overlapping of two conditions occurs automatically transmit the risks and costs. For example, delivery FAS (Free Alongside Ship , free alongside ship) agreed in Valencia between 1 and 15 April, if the merchandise is deposited on 27 March and the sinister 28, the risks are borne by the seller, on the other hand, if sinister April 2, the risks are borne by the buyer but the ship employed by it has not arrived.
3. distribution costs : it is normal for the seller strictly liable for costs needed to place the goods in terms of delivery and the buyer is liable for other expenses. There are four cases, the "C", in which the seller undertakes to pay the transport costs (and insurance, if any) to the destination, even though the transmission risk is at the source, this due to traditional uses of shipping that allow the sale of goods while the boat is moving, because the burden changes ownership the transfer of the bill of lading .
4. The formalities of customs : In general, the export is the responsibility of the seller, there is only one incoterm no export customs clearance: EXW (Ex Works , at the factory) , where the buyer is responsible for export and often engage the services of a freight or a customs broker in the country of dispatch of the goods, to manage export. The remaining Incoterms are "in office", ie the export is the responsibility of the seller, sometimes also deals importation into the country of destination, for example, DDP (Delivered Duty Paid , Delivered Duty Paid)
Grouping
As mentioned before, the Incoterms are grouped into four categories: E, F, C, D, and these in version Incoterms 2000 are a total of thirteen (13) whose description would be as follows:
Group E -
- EXW. Ex Works (named place): the seller makes the goods available in their facilities and delivery facilities. The cost of freight runs responsibility of the buyer from the seller's premises to the final destination.
The EXW incoterm can be used with any type of transport or a combination thereof.
Group F - Main carriage unpaid:
- FCA. Free Carrier (named place): the seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, the shipping company (determined by the buyer) at the agreed place. This term applies to all modes of transport including carriage by air, rail, road and container / intermodal transport.
- FAS. Free Alongside Ship (port): the seller must deliver the goods alongside the ship at the named port. The seller must clear the goods for transport, this changed in the 2000 version of Incoterms.
The incoterm FAS is only used for transportation by ship, either sea or river.
- FOB. Free On Board (port): the seller must load the goods on the ship by the buyer, cost and risk being divided at ship's rail. The seller must clear the goods for export. Only applies to transport by ship, either sea or river.
Group C - Main carriage paid:
- CFR. Cost and Freight (port): the seller pays the transport costs to bring goods to the port of destination. However, the risk is transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail. Only applies to transport by ship, either sea or river.
· CIF. Cost, Insurance and Freight (named destination port) → 'cost, insurance and freight (named port of destination). "
The seller is responsible for all costs, including major transportation and insurance until the goods arrive at the destination port. While insurance has hired the seller, the beneficiary of insurance is the buyer.
As in the previous incoterm, CFR, the risk is transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the country of origin. The CIF incoterm is one of the most used in international trade because the conditions of a CIF price are what make the value on customs a product that is imported. 2 should be used for general cargo or conventional, but should not be used when transported in containers .
The incoterm CIF is used for any transportation, but most boat, either sea or river.
· CPT. Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) → 'Carriage Paid To (named place of destination). "
The seller is responsible for all costs, including the main transportation until the goods arrive at the agreed point in the country of destination. However, the risk is transferred to the buyer upon delivery of goods to the carrier in the country of origin.
The incoterm CPT can be used with any mode of transport or a combination thereof, as the multimodal transport (full container load or groupage), although a part of the journey is sea \u200b\u200bor river.
· CIP . Carriage and Insurance Paid (To) (named place of destination) → 'carriage and insurance paid to (named place of destination). "
The seller is responsible for all costs, including the main transport and insurance until the goods arrive at the agreed point in the country of destination. The risk is transferred to the buyer upon delivery of goods to the carrier in the country of origin. While insurance has hired the seller, the beneficiary of insurance is the buyer.
The incoterm CIP can be used with any mode of transport or a combination thereof, as multimodal transport, although a part of the journey by sea or river.
Group D - Arrival:
· DAF . Delivered At Frontier (named place): → 'delivered border (place) '.
The seller bears the costs to the delivery of the goods at the agreed place. As a seller and buyer share the main transport costs tend to hire by carriers or freight forwarders.
The incoterm DAF goods used in carrying out long distances and pass through platforms or points logistics consolidation, where costs are transmitted and delivered the goods.
The incoterm DAF can be used with any mode of transport, including transport sea \u200b\u200bor river (in earlier versions of Incoterms 2000, could only be used for road transport, rail and road).
· DES . Delivered Ex Ship (named port): "delivery ex ship (named port of destination)."
The seller is responsible for all costs, including the main carriage and insurance (not required), until the goods are delivered at the port of destination (ship docked at the pier and goods the ship's hold.) The risks also assumed so far.
The incoterm DES is used only to transport by ship, either sea or river.
· DEQ . Delivered Ex Quay (named port): 'Delivered Ex Quay (named port of destination). "
The seller is responsible for all costs, including the main carriage and insurance (not required), until the goods are placed in the dock destination port. It also assumes the risks so far.
is used in international trade bulk of because the delivery point coincides with the bulk terminals of the ports. (In earlier versions of Incoterms 2000, the payment of import duty was paid by the seller, in the current version is for the buyer).
The DEQ incoterm only used for transportation by ship, either sea or river.
· DDU . Delivered Duty Unpaid (named destiantion place) → 'Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination). "
The seller is responsible for all costs and assumes the risk until the goods are located at the agreed point of destination. The agreed point can be anywhere in the country of destination airport, a container terminal, warehouse of a freight forwarder, for example. This makes the DDU incoterm very flexible and is increasingly used, especially in the European Union and among countries that have abolished customs among them.
The incoterm DDU can be used with any mode of transport, especially in combined and multimodal transport.
The import customs charges are paid by the purchaser, either by endorsement or by any legal means.
· DDP . Delivered Duty Paid (named destination place): 'delivered duty paid (named place of destination). "
The seller pays all expenses up to leave the goods at the agreed point in the country of destination. The buyer does not perform any type of transaction. The customs import costs are borne by the seller.
The incoterm DDP can be used with any mode of transport, especially in combined and multimodal transport.
INCOTERM VERSION 2000
Viewed graphically and consolidated, it is as follows:
INCOTERM
Viewed graphically and consolidated is as follows:
[1] world business organization representing business interests, is established in Paris in 1919, being the city their headquarters.
[2] INCOTERM: English acronym I n ternational Co mmercial Terms , International Trade Terms'
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